Medical Sciences

 CEREBRAL EDEMA: DEFINITION: Accumulation of fluid within the brain parenchyma following a generalized injury to brain. TYPES: There are two types of cerebral edema  1.Vasogenic Edema. 2.Cytotoxic Edema. VASOGENIC EDEMA: • It is defined as accumulation of extracellular fluid which occurs when blood brain barrier is disrupted. • Fluid moves from vascular compartment to extracellular spaces of brain . It is further divided into types namely 1.localized [for example after inflammation] 2.Gneralized .[for example after profuse injury] CYTOTOXIC EDEMA: • This type of edema is because of generalized hypoxia ,ischemia and exposure to certain toxin. • All these events leads to neuronal and glial cell injury which ultimately results in accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces. CONSEQUENCES OF EDEMA: 1. Brain become edematous and soft. 2. Overfill the cranial vault. 3. Gyri become flattened. 4. Sulci become narrowed. 5. Ventricular cavities become compressed.

HYDROCEPHALUS: It is a condition more or less similar to water in the brain. DEFINITION: INCREASE IN CSF VOLUME DUE TO IMBALANCE BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND REABSORPTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. CAUSE: Impaired flow Diminished reabsorption TYPES: It is divided into two types  1.Non communicating [obstructive] hydrocephalus 2.communicating hydrocephalus  1.COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS: It is due to localized obstacle to CSF flow. In this condition, a part of the ventricle is enlarged while the remainder does not. 2.NON-COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS: It is because of reduced  CSF reabsorption. The entire ventricular system is enlarged If hydrocephalus develops before the closure of cranial suture then *head enlarges*.  If hydrocephalus after the closure of cranial suture then *no head enlargement but intracranial pressure is increased*. TREATMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS: A most common treatment is the surgical insertion of f drainage system called a shunt. THIS SHUNT SYSTEM MOVES FLUI...